 |  |  |  |  |
| | | | |
| e-mail stedipower@tvss.net ::: Phone: 678.546.6780 |
Accredited Registrars
Qualified organizations certified by a national body to perform audits to the QS9000 standard and to register the audited facilit y as meeting these requirements for a given commodity.
Acceptable Quality Level (AQL)
AQL (Average Quality Level)
A limit of a satisfactory process average at a particular quality level when a continuing series of lots is considered.
Acceptance Sampling
Inspection of a sample from a lot to decide whether to accept or not accept that lot. There are two types - attributes sampling and variables sampling.
Accuracy
The closeness of agreement between an observed value and an accepted reference value. Also see Precision.
Activity-based costing (ABC)
A system for making business decisions based on cost information of fundamental business activities as tasks related to product design, development, quality, manufacturing, distribution, customer acquisition, service and support. ABC is sometimes considered a form of business process re-engineering as it insists on surfacing a manageable number of cost drivers that can be used to trace variable business costs to customer, products and processes.
Affinity Diagram
A way to organize facts, opinions, ideas and issues into natural groupings as an aid to diagnosis on a complex problem. A large number of ideas are generated and then organized into groupings to reveal major themes. Read more
AIAG
Automotive Industry Action Group
Analysis of Means (ANOM)
A statistical procedure for troubleshooting industrial processes and analyzing the results of experimental designs with factors at fixed levels. It provides a graphical display of data.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
A b asic statistical technique for analyzing experimental data. It subdivides the total variation of a data set into meaningful component parts associated with specific sources of variation in order to test a hypothesis on the parameters of the model or to estimate variance components. ANOVA is used to test whether the means of many samples differ but it does so using variation instead of mean. It compares the amount of variation within the samples to the amount of variation between the means of samples. If the 'between variation' is significantly larger than the 'within variation', we conclude that the mean of our response has changed.
Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
Process to provide a proven, effective means to deal with complex decision making and can assist with identifying and weighting selection criteria, analyzing the data collected for the criteria and expediting the decision-making process.
Appearance Item
Product that is visible once the vehicle is completed. Certain customers will identify appearance items on the engineering drawings. In these cases, special approval for appearance (color, grain, texture, etc.) is required prior to production part submissions.
Apportionment
Synonymous with the term Reliability Apportionment, which is the assignment of reliability goals from system to subsystem in such a way that the whole system will have the required reliability.
Approved Drawing
Engineering drawing signed by the engineer and released through the customer's system.
Approved Material
Materials governed either by industry standard specifications (e.g., SAE, ASTM, DIN, ISO) or by customer specifications.
APQP
Advanced Product Quality Planning is a structured method of defining and establishing the steps necessary to assure that a product satisfies the customer.
Assessment
An evaluation process including a document review, an on-site audit and an analysis and report.
Attribute Data
Qualitative data that can be counted for recording and analysis.
Audit (Quality)
An independent review conducted to compare some aspect of quality performance with a standard for that performance
Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ)
The expected average quality level of outgoing product for a given value of incoming product quality.
Average Outgoing Quality Limit (AOQL)
The maximum average outgoing quality over all possible levels of incoming quality for a given acceptance sampling plan and disposal specification.
A3 Report
A tool used for problem solving in the course of work. The steps of the report include identifying a problem, understanding the current condition, determining the root cause, developing a target condition, implementation plan, and follow-up plan. These steps are all written and drawn (not typed) out on a single piece of A3 paper.
Balanced Scorecard
A framework which translates a company's vision and strategy into a coherent set of performance measures which helps businesses evaluate how well they meet their strategic objectives. It typically has four to six components, each with a series of sub measures. Each component highlights one aspect of the business. The balanced scorecard includes measures of performance that are lagging (return on capital, profit), medium-term indicators (like customer satisfaction indices) and leading indicators (such as adoption rates for, or revenue from, new products).
Batch
A definite quantity of some product or material produced under conditions that are considered uniform.
Benchmarking
A continuous process of measurement of products, services and work processes, against those recognised as leaders.
Benchmark Data
The results of an investigation to determine how competitors and/or best-in-class companies achieve their level of performance.
Bias
A systematic error which contributes to the difference between a population mean of measurements or test results and an accepted reference value.
Bill of Material
Total list of all components/materials required to manufacture the product.
Black Belt
A leadership structure for Six-sigma process improvement teams. Black Belts are highly-regarded, technically-oriented product or line personnel who have an ability to lead teams as well as to advise management.
Block Diagram
A simple pictorial representation of a system/sub-systems linked to illustrate the relationships between components/subsystems.
Brainstorming
A method to get ideas from persons who are potential contributors. No criticism or discussion of ideas is allowed until all the ideas are recorded. The ideas are critically reviewed after the brainstorming session.
Bulk Materials
Products that do not have the characteristics of formed parts when received, but which become part of the product during the manufacturing process.
Capability Maturity Model
A ramework that defines the key elements of an effective software process. It describes an evolutionary improvement path from an ad hoc, immature process to a mature, disciplined process.
CFT
Cross Functional Team.
Characteristic Matrix
An analytical technique for displaying the relationship between process parameters and manufacturing stations.
Conformance
Material meets the customer's specifications and requirements.
Control Plans
Written descriptions of the systems for controlling parts and processes. They are written by suppliers to address the important characteristics and engineering requirements of the product.
Corrective Action Plan
Plan for correcting a process or part quality issue.
Cost of Quality
The costs incurred to ensure quality. Research shows that the costs of poor quality can range from 15%-40% of business costs (e.g., rework, returns or complaints, reduced service levels, lost revenue). Effective quality management decreases production costs because the sooner an error is found and corrected, the less costly it will be.
Critical Characteristics
Product requirements (dimensions, performance tests) or process parameters that can affect compliance with government regulations of safe vehicle/product function and which require specific supplier, assembly, shipping, or monitoring and inclusion on Control Plans. Critical characteristics are identified with the inverted delta symbol.
DCP
Dynamic Control Plan/Dimensional Control Plan
Design for Manufacturability and Assembly
A simultaneous engineering process designed to optimize the relationship between design function, manufacturability, and ease of assembly.
Design Information Checklist
A mistake proofing checklist designed to assure that all important items were considered in establishing design requirements.
Design Reviews
A proactive process to prevent problems and misunderstandings.
Design Validation
Testing to ensure that product conforms to defined user needs and/or requirements. Design validation follows successful design verification and is normally performed on the final product under defined, operating conditions. Multiple validations may be performed if there are different intended uses.
Design Verification
Testing to ensure that all design outputs meet design input requirements. Design verification may include activities such as: Design Review, Performing Alternate Calculations, Understanding Tests & Demonstrations and Review of Design Stage Documents Before Release.
DFMEA
Design Failure Mode and Effects Analysis.
Documentation
Material defining the process to be followed (e.g, quality manual, operator instructions, graphics, pictorials).
DOE
Design of Experiments
Durability
The probability that an item will continue to function at customer expectation levels, at the useful life without requiring overhaul or rebuild due to wear-out.
Environment
All of the process conditions surrounding or affecting the manufacture and quality of a part or product
Feasibility
A determination that a process, design, procedure, or plan can be successfully accomplished in the required time frame.
Finite Element Analysis
Technique for modeling a complex structure. When the mathematical model is subjected to known loads, the displacement of the structure may be determined.
FMA
Failure Mode Analysis.
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Systematized technique which identifies and ranks the potential failure modes of a design or manufacturing process in order to prioritize improvement actions.
FTC
First Time Capability.
Functional Verification
Testing to ensure the part conforms to all customer and supplier engineering performance and material requirements. Functional verification (to applicable customer engineering material and performance standards) may be required by some customers annually unless another frequency is established in a customer approval control plan. Results shall be available for customer review upon request.
GR&R
Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility.
Grade
An indicator of category or rank related to features or characteristics that cover different sets of needs for products or services intended for the same functional use.
Histogram
A graphical representation of a frequency distribution in the form of rectangles whose bases are equal to the cell interval and whose areas are proportional to the frequencies.
Interim Approval
Permits shipment of products for a specified time period or quantity.
Inspection
Activities, such as measuring, examining, testing, gaging one or more characteristics of a product or service, and comparing these with specified requirements to determine conformity.
Ishikawa Diagram
also called Cause & Effect or Fishbone Diagram - a graphical tool used to explore
Kaizen
Taken from the Japanese words kai and zen where kai means change and zen means good. The popular meaning is continuous improvement of all areas of a company not just quality
Kano Model
In the late 1970s Dr. Noriaki Kano of Tokyo Rika University further refined the notion of quality derived partially from his study of Herzberg's "Motivator-Hygiene Theory" and re-defined quality along two dimensions in contrast to the linear "good-bad" "ok-not ok" dimension in existence all along. The two dimensions were: 1) The degree to which a product or service performs, and 2) The degree to which the user is satisfied. The correlation of quality on two axes further led to three unique definitions of quality, namely: Basic Quality, Performance Quality and Excitement Quality.
Kansei
Kansei engineering is a consumer-oriented technology process used to develop products. It uses the consumer’s feelings (Kansei) as a guideline in creating the product. In order to do Kansei engineering, one must first determine the Kansei words suitable for the product to be designed. Designers would then create different concepts out of these words. After creating the concepts, these concepts would then be presented to the consumers and rated with the same Kansei words gathered before to determine if the product has matched the Kansei. The rating test contains scales of 1 to 5 with antonym Kansei words on both ends. The process may continue to cycle until the people involved in the development are satisfied with the results. Kansei engineering can be applied not only on the over-all product but also on specific parts of the product. Samples of products that have used Kansei engineering are the Mazda Miata, the colorful and rounded Komatsu construction machines, and the first TV cameras that were produced by Sharp.
Key Performance Indicators (KPI)
The short list of measurable parameters that will indicate how well the business is doing at attaining its goals. In a manufacturing quality scenario, this may be the amount of scrap or rework that gets metered. In a service quality scenario, such as an insurance company, this may be the open inventory of unprocessed claims. In brand management, market share in itself and in comparison with competing brands is sure to be relevant. In logistics, on-time deliveries, empty return loads, or missing items are candidate indicators.
Layout Inspection
The complete measurement of all part dimensions shown on the design record. A layout inspection may be required by some customers for all products annually unless another frequency is established in a customer approved control plan. Results shall be available for customer review upon request.
Maintainability
The probability that a failed system can be made operable in a specified interval or downtime.
Multi Vari Analysis
A graphical analysis technique used to identify and quantify dominant sources of variation in a process
Nonconformance
Product or material which does not conform to the customer requirements or specifications.
Nonconformity
A process which does not conform to a quality system requirement.
Ongoing Process Capability
A long term measure of statistical process control or process performance.
Packaging
A unit that provides protection and containment of items plus ease of handling by manual or mechanical means.
Pareto Analysis
A bar graph used to arrange information in such a way that priorities for process improvement can be established.
Pareto Rule
Also called the "80/20" rule...or that 80% of your problems can be attributed to 20% of your equipment, processes, or people.
Parts Per Million (PPM)
PPM is a way of stating the performance of a process in terms of actual or projected defective material. PPM data can be used to indicate areas variation requiring attention.
PFMEA
Process Failure Mode and Effects Analysis.
Population
A theoretical, infinitely large sample
Precision
The closeness of agreement between randomly selected individual measurements or test results. Also see Accuracy.
Preliminary Bill of Material
Bill of Material completed prior to design and print release.
Preliminary Process Capability Studies
Short-term studies conducted to obtain early information on the performance of new or revised processes relative to internal or customer requirements.
Procedures
Documented processes that are used when work affects more than one function or department of an organization.
Process
A combination of people, equipment, methods, materials and environment that produces output, - a given product or service. A process can involve any aspect of a business.
Process Flow Diagram
Diagram depicting the flow of material through the process, including any rework or repair operations.
Product Assurance Plan
A prevention-oriented management tool that addresses product design, process design, and when applicable software design. Part of the Product Quality Plan.
Production Part Approval Submissions
Small quantities of parts taken from a significant production run made with production tooling, processes, and cycle times. Parts for production part approval are checked by the supplier to all engineering requirements.
Production Trial Run
Product made using all production tools, processes, equipment, environment, facility, and cycle time.
Quality
ISO 8042 defines quality as the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. Each participant in the marketplace defines quality differently:Product-based definition: quality of product attributes
User-based definition: fitness for intended use
Value-based definition: quality vs. price
Manufacturing-based definition: conformance to specificationsQuality Assurance
The organizational structure, the processes and procedures necessary to ensure that the overall intentions and direction of an organization as regards quality are met and that the quality of the product or service is assured.
Quality Engineering
Set of operational, managerial and engineering activities that a company uses to ensure that the quality characteristics of a product are at the nominal or required levels.
Quality Improvement
The reduction of variability in products and processes.
Quality Management Plan
A document describing an organization’s quality system. This document identifies the organizational structure, policy and procedures, functional responsibilities of management and staff, lines of authority, and its processes for planning, implementing, documenting, and assessing all activities conducted under the organization’s quality system.
Quality Manual
The supplier's document that describes the elements of the quality system used to assure customer requirements, needs, and expectations are met.
Quality Planning
A structured process for defining the methods that will be used in the production of a specific product or family of products. Quality planning embodies the concepts of defect prevention and continuous improvement as contrasted with defect detection.
Quality Planning Sign-Off
A review and commitment by the Product Quality Planning Team that all planned controls and processes are being followed.
Quality Records
The documented evidence that the supplier's processes were executed according to the quality system documentation and records results.
QSR
Quality System Requirements
QS-9000
QS 9000 establishes a set of standards for the automotive industry. This standard incorporates ISO 9001 plus the automotive requirements. The QS-9000 3rd Edition will expire 14 Dec 2006 (and ISO 9000:1994 expires 15 Dec 2003). Beyond that 14 DEC 2006, ISO/TS 16949:2002 will replace QS-9000.
Elements of QS-9000
Section 1: ISO 9001 Elements
4.1 Management Responsibility
4.2 Quality System
4.3 Contract Review
4.4 Design Control
4.5 Document and Data Control
4.6 Purchasing
4.7 Control of Customer Owned Products
4.8 Product Identification and Traceability
4.9 Process C ontrol
4.10 Inspection and Testing
4.11 Inspection, Measuring and Test Equipment
4.12 Inspection and Test Status
4.13 Nonconforming Product
4.14 Corrective and Preventive Action
4.15 Handling, Storage, Packaging, Preservation and Delivery
4.16 Control of Quality Records
4.17 Internal Quality Audits
4.18 Training
4.19 Servicing
4.20 Statistical TechniquesQS-9000 Additions
4.1 Management Responsibility
Multi-disciplinary teams (APQP)
Business Plan
Analyze company level data
Document process to determine customer satisfaction
Competitive comparisons
4.2 Quality Systems
Utilize Advanced Quality Planning and Control Plan
Identify Special Characteristics
Utilize cross-functional teams
New product manufacturing feasibility
4.3 Contract Review
4.4 Design Control
Use advanced tools
Computer-aided design, engineering and analysis
Prototype program to verify production
Customer approval of design change
4.5 Document and Data Control
Customer-referenced documents
Reference Special Characteristics
Process to review customer specifications
4.6 Purchasing
Customer approved list
Meet government and safety constraints
Subcontractor QS9000 development
Provide planning info to subcontractors
4.7 Customer-supplied Products
4.8 Identification and Traceability
4.9 Process ControlCompliance to government safety and environmental regulations
Special Characteristics
Total Preventive Maintenance
Process monitoring and operator instructions
Process capability for Special Characteristics
Verification of job set-up
Production part approval
Appearance item control
4.10 Inspection and Testing
Acceptance criteria is zero
Use accredited laboratories
Incoming inspection criteria
Layout inspection
4.11 Measuring and Test Equipment
Maintain records of: revision following engineering changes, gage condition, customer notification if suspect material is shipped
4.12 Inspection and Test Status
Location does not constitute indication. Additional verification/identification is required
4.13 Nonconforming Material
Control suspect product
Utilize rework instructions
Formal reduction process
No visible exterior rework
Control customer-approved decisions
4.14 Corrective and Preventive Action
Disciplined problem solving
Customer returned product
4.15 Handling, Storage, Packaging, Preservation and Delivery
Inventory management system
Customer packaging standards
Customer labeling requirements
Delivery performance
Order-driven scheduling
Computerized advanced shipment notice
4.16 Quality Records
Specifies retention periods
4.17 Internal Quality Audits
Suitable work environment
4.18 Training
Strategic issue
Periodic evaluation of effectiveness
4.19 Servicing
Communicate service concerns
4.20 Statistical Techniques
Reference: Fundamental Statistical Process Control Reference Manual (available from AIAG)
Section II
Production Part Approval Process
Continuous Improvement
Manufacturing Capabilities
+ Automotive OEM requirements
Registered Suppliers
Registered Suppliers are suppliers who have received third party registration to a specific quality system standard for the commodity supplied.
Reliability
The probability that an item will continue to function at customer expectation levels at a measurement point, under specified environmental and duty cycle conditions.
Rework
Action taken on nonconforming product so that it will meet the specified requirements.
SFMEA
System Failure Mode and Effects Analysis.
Significant Characteristics
Product and process characteristics designated by the customer, including governmental regulatory and safety, and/or selected by the supplier through knowledge of the product and process.
Simulation
The practice of mimicking some or all of the behavior of one system with a different, dissimilar system.
Simultaneous Engineering
A way of simultaneously designing products, and the processes for manufacturing those products, through the use of cross functional teams to assure manufacturability and to reduce cycle time.
Six Sigma
a failure rate of 3.4 parts per million or 99.9997%...
Specifications
Specifications are engineering requirements for judging the acceptability of a part characteristic. For the production part approval process, every feature of the product as identified by engineering specifications must be measured. Actual measurement and test results are required. Specifications should not be confused with control limits which represent "the voice of the process".
Spider Diagram
A visual reporting tool for the performance of a number of indicators. Also known as a "radar chart" this tool makes visible the gaps between the current and desired performance.
Statistical Control
The co ndition of a process from which all special causes of variation have been eliminated and only common causes remain. Statistical control is evidenced on ,a control chart by the absence of points beyond the control limits and by the absence of any non-random patterns or trends.
Stratification
A process of grouping data according to a common characteristic.
Submission Level
Refers to the level of evidence required for production part submissions.
Subsystem
A major part of a system which itself has the characteristics of a system, usually consisting of several components.
Suppliers
Providers of: a) Production materials. b) Production or Service parts. c) Heat treating, plating, painting or other finishing services directly to Ford.
SWOT Analysis
Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. It is a methodology used to aid strategic planning that gained popularity during the 80's.
Team Feasibility Commitment
A commitment by the Product Quality Planning Team that the design can be manufactured, assembled, tested, packaged, and shipped in sufficient quantity at an acceptable cost, and on schedule. Click here to read more on Assessing Team Performance.
Timing Plan
Plan that lists tasks, assignments, events, and timing required to provide a product that meets customer needs and expectations.
TGR
Things Gone Right.
TGW
Things Gone Wrong.
TRIZ
TRIZ, the Russian language acronym for the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving is a product of the cataloguing and analysis of empirical data.
Variables Data
Quantitative results where measurements are used for analysis.
VA/VE
Value Analysis/Value Engineering.
Value Stream Map (VSM)A tool used to document the flow of products of services through a system. The VSM differentiates the value-adding activities of a system from the non-value-adding ones. Recording the time taken for each activity shows what percentage of valuable time an object or person spends in a system. Any non-value-adding time indicates an opportunity for possible improvement within the system.
Voice of the Customer
Customer feedback both positive and negative including likes, dislikes, problems and suggestions.
Voice of the Process
Statistical data that is feedback to the people in the process to make decisions about the process stability and/or capability as a tool for continuous improvement.
Warrant
Warrant is an industry-standard document required for all newly-tooled or revised products in which the supplier confirms that inspections and tests on production parts show conformance to customer requireme nts.
Waiver
Written authorization to use or release a quantity of material, components, or stores already manufactured but not conforming to the specified requirements.
| ||
PHONE: (678) 546-6780 FAX: (678) 546-6782 | ||
Technical Support | Stedi-Power, Inc. | |
General Inquiries |
| |
| ||
Stedi-Power, Inc
5044 B U Bowman Drive #102
Buford, Georgia 30518
PHONE: (678) 546-6780
Last Updated: 07 Jun 2004
©1997-2004 Stedi-Power, Inc.
All trademarks are the property of their respective owners
All other rights reserved.
5044 B U Bowman Dr #102 ::: Buford, Georgia 30518
